Micron and submicron scale parameters affecting the adhesion of resin composites to dental glass ceramics

The adhesion properties of the ceramic restorations play a crucial role in the overall performance and success rate of the treatment. Adhesion is required between the resin cement and tooth substance and indirectly made restoration. The aim of this laboratory study was to investigate the effect of some factors which relate to the bond (adhesion) strength. The study parameters included: 1. The effect of acid etching duration on the surface topography, roughness and wettability 2. The effect of surface neutralization on the wettability of silanes (silane coupling agents), adhesive resin and resin composite cement 3. The degree of resin impregnation into the etched micro-patterns 4. The nano-mechanical properties of the resin-ceramic interface 5. The ceramic-luting cement adhesion (shear bond) strength and 6. The effect of provoked degradation of the interface by exposure to boiling water on nano-mechanical properties and the adhesion strength. Silica based glass ceramics were selected and etching was done with 5% hydrofluoric acid and conditioning was done with two silane coupling agents (experimental and commercial silane coupling agents). Various combinations of silane coupling agents and resin cements were evaluated. Results were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA), the post hoc Tukey’s test, and regression analysis. Etching results showed a significant change in the surface topography and, increase in surface roughness, and wettability with increased etching duration. Neutralizing the ceramic surface did not show significant effect on wettability of silanes and, adhesive resin and resin composite cement. A combination of primer treatment and application of adhesive resin not only showed better resin impregnation into the etched micro-pores but also had high nano-hardness, modulus of elasticity, and adhesion (shear bond) strength

On the release of small RNAs and viruses from hepatocytes

__Abstract__ The liver is the second largest organ in the body, only after the skin. The liver is a roughly triangular organ that extends across the entire abdominal cavity just inferior to the diaphragm. It consists of 4 distinct lobes – the left, right, caudate, and quadrate lobes. It is one of the organs that can regenerate. The liver plays an active role in the process of digestion through the production of bile, which helps carry away waste and break down fats in the small intestine during digestion. The other well-known functions of the liver are production of cholesterol, production of certain proteins for blood plasma, conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage. It also regulates blood clotting and blood levels of amino acids

Assessment of water quality index for the groundwater in Tumkur taluk, Karnataka state, India

The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater of Tumkur taluk. This has been determined by collecting groundwater samples and subjecting the samples to a comprehensive physicochemical analysis. For calculating the WQI, the following 12 parameters have been considered: pH, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, total dissolved solids, iron, manganese and fluorides. The WQI for these samples ranges from 89.21 to 660.56. The high value of WQI has been found to be mainly from the higher values of iron, nitrate, total dissolved solids, hardness, fluorides, bicarbonate and manganese in the groundwater. The results of analyses have been used to suggest models for predicting water quality. The analysis reveals that the groundwater of the area needs some degree of treatment before consumption, and it also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination

Study of Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber and Flyash Particulate Reinforced Al 2219 Hybrid Composites

Composite material is a material composed of two or more distinct phases (matrix phase and reinforcing phase) and having bulk properties significantly different from those of any of the constituents. Many of common materials (metals, alloys, doped ceramics and polymers mixed with additives) also have a small amount of dispersed phases in their structures, however they are not considered as composite materials since their properties are similar to those of their base constituents (physical property of steel are similar to those of pure iron). Favorable properties of composites materials are high stiffness and high strength, low density, high temperature stability, high electrical and thermal conductivity, adjustable coefficient of thermal expansion, corrosion resistance, improved wear resistance et

A comparative study of adverse drug reactions reported by healthcare professionals and patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are one of major health concern affecting population of all ages causing significant morbidity mortality and hospitalization of the patients increasing the economic burden on the society. Monitoring of ADRs is of paramount importance for the continued effective and safe use of medicines. Though they are unavoidable accompaniments of pharmacotherapy, the reporting of ADR is poor and inadequate. Substantial under-reporting and selective reporting of ADRs are the major drawbacks of the commonly followed method of spontaneous reporting by healthcare professionals (HCP). Patient direct reporting of ADR has been incorporated into the pharmacivigilance (PV) system in several countries like USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands. Patient direct reporting of ADR was qualitatively similar to HCP ADR report. Patient reports often had richer narratives than those of HCPs. Patient reports often contained detailed information about the impact of the suspected ADR on the patient’s quality of life. The quality of ADR reported by the patients was similar to the reports by HCP in terms of description of ADRs and its severity. So, present study was taken to evaluate the process of spontaneous reporting of suspected ADR by the patient and compare the quality of ADR reported by Health care professional and Patients.Methods: This study was a prospective observational study conducted in 111 consecutive patients who experienced ADRs in the department of medicine Comparison between spontaneous reporting by healthcare professionals and patient direct reporting of adverse drug reactions was assessed in terms of response rate, pattern of ADR reported, causality by Naranjo s scale, severity by modified Hartwig scale and preventability by using Schumock and Thornton scale. Social, emotional, occupational impact due to ADR and narrative elaboration scores were also compared.Results: Majority of the ADRs were from HCP as compared to patient reporting, indicating that better awareness among HCP about pharmacovigilance Majority of the reactions reported by patient were mild in severity, in contrast majority of ADR reported by HCP were moderate. Comparisons between HCP reporting and patient direct reporting also revealed that majority of ADR in both groups were probably preventable. Qualitative analysis reported ADR showed that majority of ADR reported by HCP had no narration or had scant narration, in contrast to patient direct reporting had very elaborate narration of ADR. Patient who did direct reporting of ADR highlighted more about emotional impact, occupational impact and social impact of ADR occurred to them, when compared to ADRs reported by HCP.Conclusions: Patients were clearly willing to report any adverse drug reactions occurring to them. The evidence indicates that patient reporting of suspected ADRs has more Potential benefits than drawbacks. The results indicate that patient perceptions of potential ADRs are relevant and should be an integral part of ADR reporting system

Automatic generation of test cases and anticipated test outcome based on a tabular design specification

At the present time, even for safety-critical applications, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to produce a software that is "completely error-free". One of the important issues associated with this realistic situation is how to minimise the number of errors in a given software. Effective testing of software using trusted CASE tools is one possible strategy. This thesis discusses the development of a prototype CASE tool, called Apollo, that automates some of the "tedious, complex and error-prone" manual activities that are associated with the unit testing of software modules. The input to Apollo is a design specification document where the design is specified using a tabular notation. This specification is sufficiently detailed to enable execution by a machine. The tool generates a set of test cases and the anticipated test outcome for each test case by executing the tabular specification. Tabular specification is considered as a "practical" formal method, since it is a method that software developers can easily learn and apply without much mathematical background. The tabular design specification is parsed and test cases are generated based on the boundary value analysis. The anticipated test outcome for each test case is generated by executing the parsed design specification. The proposed methodology is applied to a hypothetical case study for unit testing of software related to nuclear industry. This application replaces some of the manual generation of test cases and anticipated test outcome thereby reduces the cost of software testin

Simulace přenosu plynných látek a spalování methanu v pádové trubce pomocí ANSYSU.

The main goal of the project to study the gaseous species transport and combustion of methane in the drop tube by using ANSYS FLUENT. The problem is divided into three steps such as in first step we are going to do CFD modelling of the air flow without heat transfer in the drop tube. In second step CFD modelling of air flow by gaseous species (O_(2 ),H_2 O,CO_2 AND N_2) without heat transfer in the drop tube. In third step CFD modelling of air flow by gaseous species and combustion of the methane with oxygen in the drop tube. Combustion of methane will be calculating for different models such Finite-rate/tci, Finite-rate /Eddy dissipation, Eddy dissipation and Eddy-dissipation concept. The geometry of drop tube is created in design modeller and mesh is generated in ANSYS meshing which is read to fluent where simulation of the gaseous species and combustion of methane is calculated for different models.Hlavním cílem diplomové práce je CFD výpočet plynných látek a spalování methanu v pádové trubce s využitím Software ANSYS Fluent. Problematika je rozdělena do tří kroků. V prvním kroku je realizováno CFD modelování proudění vzduchu bez přestupu tepla v pádobé trubce. V druhém kroku se jedná o CFD modelování proudění vzduchu pomocí plynných příměsí (O_(2 ),H_2 O,CO_2 a N_2) bez přestupu tepla v pádobé trubce. Třetím krokem je CFD modelování proudění vzduchu pomocí plynných příměsí a spalování metanu s kyslíkem v pádové trubce. Spalování metanu je definováno pomocí různých modelů jako jsou “Finite-rate/tci, Finite-rate /Eddy dissipation, Eddy dissipation and Eddy-dissipation concept”. Geometrie pádové trubky je vytvořena v programu DesignModeler a výpočetní síť je vygenerována v ANSYS Meshingu s následným načtením do Fluentu, kde jsou provedené simulace proudění plynných látek včetně spalování metanu pro různé modely spalování.361 - Katedra energetikyvelmi dobř

The Effect of Hydrofluoric Acid Etching Duration on the Surface Micromorphology, Roughness, and Wettability of Dental Ceramics

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A prospective study on adverse drug reactions in outpatients and inpatients of medicine department in a tertiary care hospital

Background: No pharmacotherapeutic agent is completely free from noxious and unintended effects and thus adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are inevitable consequences of drug therapy. Incidence of ADRs in Indian population ranges between 1.8% and 25.1%. However, ADR reporting in India is inadequate. Developing awareness inpatients and healthcare professionals (HCPs) will help in reducing the ADRs, its suffering and socioeconomic impact. Hence, the present study of ADR monitoring in the outpatients and inpatients of the medicine department in a tertiary care hospital is undertaken. The main objective of this study was to assess the ADR reporting patterns in outpatient and inpatient of medicine department. The study was also aimed to assess the causality, severity, and preventability of these ADRs and comparison between spontaneous reporting by HCP and patient self-reporting of suspected ADRs.Methods: This study was a prospective observational study conducted in 111 consecutive patients who experienced ADRs in the department of medicine. The study plan included analysis and assessment of the clinical pattern, spectrum of ADRs reported based on causality, severity, preventability factors. The impact of ADRs on emotional, occupational, and social life of patients was evaluated. The assessments were compared between patient reporting and HCP reporting of ADRs.Results: The clinical spectrum of ADRs ranged from the more common mild reactions such as skin rashes, itching, nausea, and vomiting to moderately severe reactions prolonging the hospital stay. The predominant causative drugs were antimicrobials, antiretrovirals, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antihypertensives. The majority of ADRs were probable in causality assessment, moderate in severity and probably preventable. Comparison of ADR reporting between patient and HCP revealed that ADRs reported by patient’s been less in incidence, similar in qualitative analysis to HCP with very elaborative narration and highlighted emotional and occupational impact due to ADRs than HCP reports.Conclusion: A wide range of ADRs are possible in medicine department. Adequate awareness of ADR reporting and precautions, while prescribing drugs are essential. Including patients as additional reporters of suspected ADR may add to the benefit of pharmacovigilance

GC-MS ANALYSES OF LEAF AND ROOT EXTRACTS OF DIDYMOCARPUS TOMENTOSA

Objective: Didymocarpus tomentosa Wight., is a traditional medicinal plant used in the treatment of fever and skin allergy and the present study were conducted to identify the phytochemical constituents in leaf and root extracts using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Methods: The methanolic leaf and root extracts were analyzed using Shimadzu GCMS-QP 2010 gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The mass spectrum of GC-MS was interpreted using the database of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).Results: The GC-MS analyses of leaf and root extracts revealed the presence of twenty six and twenty three phytochemical constituents respectively. 5-Hydrxoymethylfurfural (15.1%), cis, cis, cis-7,10,13-Hexadecatrienal (12.5%), Hexadecanoic acid (11.8%), Lupenone (29.1%), γ-Sitosterol (21.3%) and Lupeol (12.0%) were the major constituents. Conclusion: The leaf and root extracts of D. tomentosa possess various phytochemical constituents, which are of high therapeutic values.Â